characterization in creating stories is so prominent that Aristotle, the Greek philosopher, recognized it as the second most important component of stories. Characters of stories are generally considered in two schemes; the Direct scheme and the inDirect one. In the Direct characterization – whether as all-knowing or as characters of the story-characters are introduced. In the inDirect characterization, speech, appearance, environment, thoughts and characters’ behavior lead to their recognition. Speech characterization is a component of inDirect characterization. This article is a comparative study of speech characterization in the movie “ My Fair Lady” and its dubbed version in Persian. “ My Fair Lady” was made by George Cukor based on the screenplay “ Pygmalion” by George Bernard Shaw in 1964 which has been dubbed into different languages such as Persian. Ali Kasmaei was the manager for dubbing My Fair Lady into Persian and many people consider it as a masterpiece in the history of dubbing films in Iran. Since the characters’ language has a key role in the aforementioned works, a comparative study of My Fair Lady and its dubbed version leads to recognizing speech characterization components and their recreation in dubbing films.

Aseries of new polyhydrazides were obtained by Direct polycondensation of 4,4'- diphenyl sulphone dicarboxylic acid with dihydrazides in ionic liquids (ILs) as a new class of solvents which have interesting properties such as nonvolatility, high ionic concentration, good thermal stability and non-flammability. Direct polycondensation is successfully proceeded in ILs and triphenyl phosphite (condensing agent), without any additional components, such as LiCl and pyridine. Therefore IL can act as both solvent and catalyst. In this investigation high molecular weight polyhydrazides have been synthesized and their properties such as solubility, and thermal stability were studied. The resulting hydrazide containing polymers exhibited inherent viscosities in 0.26-0.73 dL/g range. All polymers were soluble in polar solvents such as N-methyl pyrrolidone and dimethyl sulphoxide. The polyhydrazides had glass-transition temperatures (Tg) between 165-21°C. They could be thermally converted into the corresponding poly (1,3,4-oxadiazole)s approximately in the region of 210-33°C, as evidenced by the TGA thermograms.

Diblock copolymers consisting of methylmethacrylate (MMA) and N-hydroxyethylacrylamide (HEAAm) polymer were successfully synthesized via Direct two steps atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). At first, poly (methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) macroinitiators were prepared using methyl 4-(bromo-methyl) benzoate initiator and were used for synthesizing PMMA-b-PHEAAm block copolymers. PMMA homopolymers were synthesized in N, N′-dimethylformamide (DMF) using CuBr/2, 2′bipyridine catalyst system at 110oC temperature in nitrogen atmosphere. Block copolymers were synthesized in mixture of DMF/water (8.2 v/v%) and in pure DMF in the presence of CuBr/1, 1, 4, 7, 10, 10-hexamethyltriethylenetetramine (HMTETA) catalyst system at 85 and 100oC, respectively, while argon was used for deoxygenation and inert environment. Purification of block copolymers was conducted through dialysis against deionized water using a dialysis tubing (MWCO 3,500, cellulose membrane). Molecular weights of PMMA polymers (Mn= 4,400, 6,200 and 8,400 Da) were determined by size exclusion chromatography using tetrahydrofuran (THF) as eluent. The chemical structure and actual copolymer compositions were determined using elemental analysis (EA), attenuated total reflectance infrared (ATR-IR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopic analysis. Phase separation of diblock copolymers resulting in two glass transition temperatures as detected by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) proves their amphiphilic behavior. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) also showed that diblock copolymer, with two-step decomposition has higher thermal stability than PMMA.

Instead of the traditional two-step method with cyclic intermediates, a Direct reaction of D,L-lactic acid (D,L-LA) and glycine (Gly) as monomers (molar feed ratio LA/Gly: 90/10) and SnO (0.7 wt%) as catalyst is carried out to synthesize a biodegradable poly (lactic acid-co-glycine) [P(LA-co-Gly)] via melt copolycondensation at 170oC, absolute pressure of 70 Pa, for 8 h, following a prepolymerization step. The structure of the copolymer was characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR techniques. The GPC results show that the weight average molecular weight (`Mw) of the copolymer P(LA-co-Gly) is 3600 g/mol. Under the condition of different molar feed ratios the highest `Mw was found to be 5200 with molar feed ratio LA/Gly: 98/2. Other characterizations, e.g., intrinsic viscosity, solubility, DSC, and XRD indicated that the copolymer solubility in chloroform and tetrahydrofuran (THF) decreased with the increasing feed charge of Gly and the lowest solubility was found when the molar feed ratio was below LA/Gly:70/30. However, the modified polylactic acid is readily soluble in DMSO. The crystallinity of copolymer gradually disappears as the molar feed ratio of D, L-LA decreases. For LA/Gly  ³ 90/10, the XRD pattern has two diffraction peaks, close to 16.8o and 19.1o, the same position as poly (D,L-lactic acid) (PDLLA). For the soluble P(LA-co-Gly) the intrinsic viscosity, `Mw and its dispersity (`Mw/`Mn) decrease gradually with the increase of feed charge of Gly. These results, especially the molecular weight of the copolymer appear to meet the requirements necessary for a drug delivery applications.